An Intelligent QoS-Driven Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Improving Stability and Lifetime of MANETs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31838/NJAP/08.02.17Keywords:
Mobile Adhoc Networks, Routing, Energy Efficiency, Quality of Service, StabilityAbstract
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by their dynamic topologies, infrastructureless communication, and energy-limited mobile nodes. These features together form a complex of challenges for route stability and lifetime. Frequent topological changes and energy limitations cause frequent route discoveries, leading to increased latency, high control overhead, and poor Quality of Service (QoS). Traditional routing protocols cannot combine QoS demands with energy awareness of nodes, resulting in route instability and short-lived communication sessions. In this scenario, to overcome the above-mentioned limitations, this paper proposes an Intelligent QoS-Driven Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (Q-EERP) to improve route stability and extend the lifetime of MANETs. The proposed protocol simultaneously considers node and link parameters during route discovery and maintenance to ensure the establishment of stable routes. An improved HELLO message exchange scheme is introduced to carry additional information from the transmitter, including residual energy and coordinate values for distance computation, to enable dynamic neighbor discovery and energy-efficient routing. Simultaneous observation of neighbor status helps to avoid the selection of energy-exhausted and unstable neighbors in active routes, which reduces the occurrence of route failures. The performance of the proposed protocol is tested using simulations with the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), with varying node speed and pause time to simulate real-world mobility scenarios. Simulation results show that Q-EERP has an average end-to-end delay of 25.11 ms, a packet delivery ratio of 85%, a throughput of 817.95 kBps, a control overhead of 2.64%, and a normalized routing overhead of 37.12%. The results of the simulation experiment show a significant improvement in the network throughput and packet delivery ratio, as well as a decrease in the end-to-end delay and routing overhead. All these factors contribute to the improved stability of the network in a highly dynamic MANET environment.
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