Analytical Loop Coupling Model for Multi-Band Vehicular Antennas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31838/NJAP/07.02.35Keywords:
Vehicular antennas, multi-band systems, loop coupling, analytical modeling, impedance matching, electromagnetic interaction, antenna optimizationAbstract
The automotive communication systems demand small, multi-band antennas that have the ability to maintain constant impedance properties, high gain and little mutual interaction over various frequency bands. Conventional antenna designs are limited to realizing broad band operation and stable operation in complicated vehicle surroundings where metallic frameworks and dynamic positioning influence electromagnetic interactions. To solve these problems, the present paper introduces a model of Analytical Loop Coupling (ALCM), which develops the electromagnetic interaction of various radiating loops of vehicular antenna systems. The model is an analytical estimation of self-impedance, mutual inductance, and distributed current utilising parametric coupling coefficients. Based on this framework, a multi-band vehicle antenna system that can be used in LTE, Wi-Fi, and C-V2X frequency bands is developed and discussed. The suggested model shows that both simulated and theoretical responses correlate well and allow the optimization of loop separation and feeding network option in favour of maximising radiation efficiency. Comparison with other models shows that the impedance bandwidth and the level of isolation has been significantly improved compared with the models available before. The formulated analysis gives a scalable basis on the optimization of intelligent automobile antenna array in the multi-band system in the future.
References
1. Lee, J. (2020). Compact multi-band vehicular antennas for 5G systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 68(12), 8254–8263.
2. Patel, K. (2021). Isolation enhancement in vehicular MIMO antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 15(3), 212–221.
3. Wong, L. (2021). Mutual coupling mitigation using decoupling networks. IEEE Access, 9, 11845–11855.
4. Chen, T. (2021). Hybrid multi-band antenna arrays for vehicular platforms. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 63(7), 1823–1830.
5. Zhao, R. (2021). Electromagnetic simulation of loop arrays in confined structures. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, 70(5), 4562–4571.
6. Gupta, N. (2022). Miniaturized vehicular antennas using magnetic coupling. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(8), 7418–7427.
7. Singh, M. (2023). Analytical study of near-field coupling in compact antennas. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, 65(2), 499–509.
8. Das, S. (2023). Optimization of vehicular antenna arrays. Wireless Personal Communications, 127, 1165–1182.
9. Kim, H. (2023). Loop antennas for C-V2X systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72(4), 3721–3730.
10. Liu, B. (2024). Folded multi-band loop configurations. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 66, 845–853.
11. Lin, J. (2022). Integrated LTE and Wi-Fi vehicular antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 21(2), 231–235.
12. Reddy, A. (2023). Adaptive impedance matching for vehicular antennas. IEEE Access, 11, 56342–56355.
13. Park, C. (2024). Mutual coupling suppression using metamaterial structures. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 72(8), 8765–8775.
14. Kumar, D. (2023). Dual-band vehicular loop antenna design. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 131, 45–55.
15. Luo, Y. (2020). Modeling metallic vehicle body effects on antennas. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(9), 9876–9885.
16. Roy, M. (2023). Efficient coupling computation for vehicular arrays. Electronics Letters, 59(2), 178–181.
17. Han, S. (2023). Wideband vehicular antenna integration. IEEE Access, 11, 115632–115640.
18. Zhang, X. (2023). Compact multi-band vehicular communication antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 71(5), 4581–4592.
19. Bhatia, R. (2023). Analytical impedance modeling for coupled loops. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 71(10), 3982–3991.
20. Ahmed, F. (2025). Design optimization of automotive MIMO antennas. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 74(1), 742–751.
21. Kavitha, M. (2024). Advances in wireless sensor networks: From theory to practical applications. Progress in Electronics and Communication Engineering, 1(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.31838/PECE/01.01.06
22. Uvarajan, K. P. (2024). Smart antenna beamforming for drone-to-ground RF communication in rural emergency networks. National Journal of RF Circuits and Wireless Systems, 1(2), 37–46.
23. Ali, M., & Bilal, A. (2025). Low-power wide-area networks for IoT: Challenges, performance and future trends. Journal of Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT, 2(2), 20–25.
24. Priya, S., & Vijayan, M. (2017). Automatic street-light control system using WSN based on vehicle movement and atmospheric condition. International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies, 5(1), 6–11.
